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1. Heletz CO₂ injection site (Israel)

Heletz (Israel) site will be the main injection site of TRUST in terms of performing the experiments for the very objectives of the project and as part of the project budget. This is a site built up in the frame

of the ongoing (2009-2013) EU FP7 project MUSTANG (www.co2mustang.eu) with two deep drilled wells along with extensive instrumentation and sampling systems. Small scale injection experiments (both single-well and two-well tests) are already carried out there in the frame of the MUSTANG project, with the primary objectives:
(i) to gain understanding and develop methods to determine the two key trapping mechanisms of CO2 (residual trapping and dissolution trapping) at field scale.
(ii) to look at the impact of heterogeneity in the field scale.
(iii) to provide data for the validation of predictive models as well as measurement and monitoring techniques.
In the frame of TRUST the injections will be continued with larger amounts of CO2, by testing the performance of various modes and strategies of injection and with more advanced monitoring methodologies. Heletz is a depleted oil field (which produced 20 million barrels of oil) with saline water on its edges. The bearing layers are the “Heletz sands” with a cumulative thickness of ~10 m at a depth of ~1,650 m. Above the producing layer there is a caprock layer of ~40 m thickness. Due to its small thickness, the site is ideal for testing different modes of injection as even smaller amounts of injected CO2 will produce noticeable responses and footprints.

2. Hontomin CO₂ injection site (Spain)

Hontomin site is located in Central Spain. A Technology Demonstration Plant is being built by CIUDEN with funding from the EEPR project “The Compostilla Project OXYCFB300”.

CO2 will be stored at carbonate layers located at some 1450 m depth and covered by a 200 m shale layer. These layers form a dome-like structure. Three wells will be drilled during 2012: one for injection, one for sampling, and one for seismic monitoring. All of them will be instrumented for hydraulic, thermal and mechanical deformation monitoring, as well as ERT. Down hole seismic is complemented by a network of permanent geophones at the surface. A number of characterization tests will be performed prior to CO2 injection.

3. Miranga CO₂ injection site (Brazil)

Located in the northeast region of Brazil, in Bahia State, the onshore portion of the Reconcavo Basin in an intra-cratonic half graben and covers an area of 10,200 km². It was the first oil discovery in Brazil in 1939,

starting the national petroleum industry and it is still the main producing Brazilian onshore field. The Reconcavo Basin CO2 injection began in the Rio Pojuca aquifer above the Miranga field and Buracica fields for EOR (enhanced oil recovery), in 1987. 130,000 ton CO2/year was injected over the past 25 years from ammonia/urea and ethylene dioxide plants. In 2007, there studies were conducted by Petrobras to examine the results of the EOR activities. In Rio Pojuca, the network was monitored, and in Buracica studies included modeling, analysis of well integrity and MMV activities, particularly with geochemistry. More recently (2009), Petrobras started injecting high-pressure CO2 into the Miranga field, in order to test technologies that may contribute to future development projects for the Santos Basin pre-salt cluster. The CO2 produced from the pre-salt fields will be injected back into the offshore and Reconcavo reservoirs to boost the recovery factor. For example, the Miranga field project foresees the geological sequestration and removal of 370 tons of CO2/day, working as a demonstration plant for new technologies that could be applied to other fields in Brazil, particularly in the deep offshore where recent discoveries have shown the presence of natural CO2 associated to the oil. In addition to the environmental gains, it will increase the recovery percentage of the oil still nestled in the reservoir.

4. Swedish and Baltic sites (Sweden)

The CO2 storage capacity of the Baltic Sea is poorly understood. For example, it is not included in recent European capacity overviews, such as Geocapacity and subsequent projects looking into European CCS transport scenarios.

This, in turn has even lead to predictions that countries around Baltic will need to carry a major part of the European CCS transport infrastructure costs. Previous investigations in the region in connection to e.g. oil exploration do, however, indicate that there are suitable formations and potential storage potential. The capacity estimates do, however, vary greatly. To address the issue, two potentially extensive projects are now being launched in Sweden, under the funding from the Swedish Energy Agency. Partner UU has the leadership in one of the projects and is participant in the other one, providing excellent links between these emerging projects and TRUST. Both are presently feasibility studies, but with extensive long-term plans depending on the results of the present phases. SweSTORECO2 project lead by UU, concerns a scientifically motivated pilot injection with possibility for up to 100,000 tons injection and associated detailed monitoring. Several site options are evaluated but of major interest is the island of Gotland, South of Sweden, which would correspond to injection into formations typical of those extending from Southern Sweden to Northern Germany and the Baltic states. The other project BASTOR (short for Baltic Storage) aims at looking at the storage of the Baltic region as whole with the objective of the present phase to further refining the existing capacity estimates, defining the most suitable geographical regions, looking at the total potential etc. This project is led by Elforsk (Swedish energy sectors’ front organization for development). These projects are linked to TRUST in a collaborative manner and by exchange of experience and information. In particular,
(i) the field injection/instrumentation experience from Heletz and Hontomin will greatly aid these emerging projects while
(ii) the experiences from the geological formations in the Baltic region will enhance our overall understanding of storage formations and their characteristics, in particular when extrapolating to industrial scale.

Analogue fields and CO2 injection sites